The 3Rs (reduction, refinement, and replacement) have long been a cornerstone of animal research. Most recently there has been considerable attention to replacement, furthered by US and EU regulatory changes. Researchers will face numerous choices about whether and how they reshape their practices associated with animal testing, including what they consider to be relevant standards for evidence, validity, reliability, and so on. This talk uses a repertoires framework (Ankeny & Leonelli 2016) to explore the prospects and barriers associated with transitions to non-animal systems, arguing that reforms in institutions, processes, norms, and scientific culture and epistemologies will be required for transitions to occur.

Rachel A. Ankeny is Professor and Chair of the Philosophy Group at Wageningen University, and is an elected Fellow of the Australian Humanities Academy, the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Her research interests cross the philosophy of biomedical and biological sciences, the philosophy of medicine, and food ethics, among other topics. She is a visiting scholar at Michigan State University for the first half of 2025.

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